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Krypteia

"If the call cryptic had been one of the institutions of Lycurgus, as Aristotle says, it would have been what Plato would have made the wrong form of that concept that formed government and that established it. "

Plutarch" Parallel Lives: Lycurgus "

Hidden among the oaks and olive trees, likened to the wolf and the fox in the art of stalking, the young Spartans are hidden in the brush, who may face punishment for being caught. The night be without full moon, I like the dogs. arise from the vegetation looting and killing. Their prey is the food of the slaves of the State Spartan Helots, their lives are the goal. Multiple slaves succumb to the hordes of the top tier, Sparta started their youth, subjecting dominated.

the helots, slaves owned, privately owned not a citizen, were from people under spearhead. Sparta conquered populations (people from nearby Greece, Messinia mainly) were transferred to the capital's city to continue a life of servitude. With no rights, and all obligations, these slaves, treated worse than the private slave, were treated as beasts of burden, subject to population controls. The abuse led Leonidas the "people ilota" multiple rebellions, which is why the krypteia was necessary as a deterrent.

The krypteia was a ritual of initiation. Were selected several young Spartans who were sent to the mountain provided only a knife and staple food. Barefoot and without warm clothes, were forced to roam the hills, under penalty of being caught. At night, they had to attack and terrorize the population ilota, killing those who crossed his path (political insurgents in many cases). For Plutarch himself was a cruel ritual, not at all characteristic of the legendary Lycurgus. The boys, who under agogo (educational system of Sparta) had not known more "love" that the State, were inducted into the war, while manipulated in favor of what would be his last well over of their lives: the prosperity of Sparta. The krypteia was a final rite, once past Spartans would become void. Young, who had previously been entrusted to the direction of teachers pedophiles, were stripped of any trace of individual dignity. The "vice Spartan, anal penetration, they had removed all dignity, issue of blood that would take advantage krypteia to make them soldiers, "an instrument of state.

is curious how many of the prejudices that make us look at the barbaric and unworthy of the salvation of the West Spartans! Was the tyrant Xerxes ... or simply the civilization? Spartan education has been, throughout the ages, an example of efficiency and discipline. Several sports teams, especially the socialist orbit, receive this name (such as Sparta Prague or Moscow). The agogo Spartan was the historical basis underpinning the formation of the Hitler Youth and Mussolini. All fears of George Orwell, outlined in "1984" were made, centuries before, the hosts of Leonidas and Lycurgus. It was always said that war trumps the most bastard, was that the reason for the success Spartan?

When the Persians sought to conquer Greece was for peaceful reasons. Indeed, the Asian power sought to extend his empire to the other side of the Bosphorus, getting to dominate the Greek polis, the source of much of the bloodthirsty mercenaries who offer their services throughout the length and width Mediterranean. Leonidas, leader of the Spartan hegemony city, commanded the famous command of the 300 Spartans (and many other Greek soldiers from different backgrounds) in the battle of Thermopylae. His sacrifice is said, was to give time to other Greeks to escape.

is curious that we always get the version of the victor, and in cases like this, how is it that we so slow to recognize the "cultural superiority, economic, etc." Persia on Sparta? How is it that we so slow to condemn the "master of tyranny" and, far from it, plus we give them movies? Maybe it's because we are still disciples of the Spartans media?

* Description of the "krypteia" Plutarch: "It was like this: judges at some time sent by various parties that they thought young people had more sense, which had only his sword, the food is absolutely necessary, and nothing else. Here, sparse day for hiding places are kept hidden and rest, but at night went to roads, and they caught the helots were killing them, and many times, leaving the fields, did away with the most robust and powerful of them. Thucydides relates in his History of the Peloponnesian War, having been crowned as free those who first Spartan helots had been identified as outstanding value, and toured the temples of the Gods, and Shortly afterwards, suddenly disappeared, and more than two thousand in number, but neither then nor later nobody has been able to account for how they were killed. Aristotle is also the one who mainly writes that ephors first thing they did upon entering office was to denounce the war on the helots, so that was not abominable to kill them. On the other hateful things are said to be hard posing them, thus forcing them to drink immoderately that took them by the Public Facilities for young people see what is drunkenness, and forced to sing obscene songs and dances and silly dance , not allowing those who were free men say so that later dispatched to the helots who were taken captive by the army raised in Thebes against Sparta, who sing the poems of Terpander of Espendente Alcman and the Lacedaemonians, excused themselves by saying they did not want their masters. It seems, therefore, that those who said the free Sparta were completely free, and slaves, slaves to the utmost, they understood very well what was at this point of Sparta to other peoples. So I think that this hardness is introduced later in Sparta, especially after the great earthquake which is said to helots, sitting with Messenians, causing severe damage throughout the region, and put the city in great danger : because I do not ascribe to Lycurgus an institution as atrocious as the cryptic, inferring the nature of humanity and justice in the rest of his life shines, confirmed by the testimony of Apollo.

Images: 1) "Young Spartans exercising "of Degas, 2) Marble statue of a helmed hoplite (5th century BC), maybe Leonidas, Sparta, Archaeological Museum of Sparta

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was an afternoon of October. Renfe Train ( Hospitalet Mataró) made his usual journey along the coast of the Maresme. At that time there was room to sit. The people were absorbed in the journey, some thinking about what awaited them at home after a long day of work, others, in what would be the outcome of the next match of FC Barcelona. Nothing was different in absolute normality was special in me just thought I ran through my mind, referring to the girl who was resting his feet on the front seat.

"Slut", the adjective I came quickly to mind. It was interesting to see that I had not even noticed his features in her face or breasts, I was only interested that simian behavior, those gestures of aberrant arrogance. Carelessly resting the soles of his sneakers on the seat extravagant, while, pretending to be demure, was made up. "Slut." The girl seemed to answer my prying eyes with ocular speech wondering why my supervision. "Slut." I did not care that my eyes were crossed with one specimen of fauna homeland, my complaint forward wanted to be revolted. That figure continued to bitch grooming. Called cell phone and my gaze was fixed on it without any desire sensuality. My eyes were fury, political thought reflecting on the whys of our lack of education and civilization.

I imagined, always dressed, that girl sprawled on the sofa in his house or better yet, in his grandfather's old chair. I imagined rubbing their trainers for the different furniture, like cat, that animal. Reflected on the reasons that could wield those who always try to look to God, and not animals. "Slut." The girl seemed not to be walrus meat, goat, monkey and pig, without major apparent similarities behavior.

The train was arriving at my destination, and known slut looked to get off at my station. My eyes watched the foot of the seat removed and cleaned or not with his eyes. The contempt for anyone who steps on a stone, large or small, it appeared from his gait. It was no use to public transport outside of no use to serve their taxes to cover their piggy whims. I left the train door and I asked myself if we did not blame the people who, every day, we see someone stepping on our seats and say nothing. I wondered if there was anyone in this country who could distinguish the education of poor taste.

There is no doubt that man is a wolf to another man, and that evil is what comes inherent in nature. How not to promote education and good manners if the "freedom from any education" leads us to the evil of our nature? The slut will remain a modern girl, a rebel without a cause. Trains will continue to carry in her womb bastard children of our culture. I hope to be wrong, but ... Crisis is not there more people in, the values \u200b\u200bof every person in the Bag?

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A world of invisible Caesars

"In politics, the tripod is the most unstable of all structures." Frank Herbert, Dune

As much as our positive and positivist current thinking prevents us from seeing the forest from the Past, there is something that our ancestors were more privileged than us. A subject of Adriano Justiniano or , an Egyptian in the time of Ramses II or Persian at the time of Cyrus "the Great" was clear who was the visible head of the world, who must render obedience, and However, always be careful. At present we are in a world of "Caesars invisible" stage nobody knows what that person really feels that governs our s estates, or what stops you make decisions that influence our shorter term. Western democratic parliaments have become a sort of "extended neighborhood meetings." The topics covered are broader in scope than moisture cracks a party wall, but they are still issues "immediate" no "extreme importance to the future." No average citizen knows with certainty why this crisis. Older nostalgic talk of an excess in household spending and a lack in physical work and beliefs, while on the other hand, there will be acolytes followers of political parties blame the ruling opposite turn. Nothing is further from reality, we are in an ethereal world ruled from the shadows.

Leaving aside green Martians war stories told in some classic science fiction (some of them very laudable and interesting, I think, for example, " Endless War" by Joe Haldeman), there are science fiction, really, are true eventual treaty geopolitics. Above all, more in these times, I think of the classic "Dune " of Frank Herbert . This is a book which presents a situation not too long ago when the background not in the forms, which we now live. Long before the crisis hit, Herbert presents us with a universe governed by large merchant houses, an imperial power and religious overtones corporation. " The tripod is the most unstable structures, with the appearance of this phrase, one realizes the parallels between power relations in the novel and currently available.

A similar conclusion comes our brand, and deserved, Prince of Asturias Prize, Amin Maalouf . In his book on " The mismatch of the world", no longer sees something more true and suggestive: the U.S. have fallen into a vortex without self-destructive, apparently have not noticed. Indeed, the "geometry of power" is very important if we explain this. An English expression, also used for this purpose, the known theory of " checks and balances " checks and balances. Power is strong, and be much more cautious, if it can grow having always watched the rival for hegemony. No need either to this relationship "counterweight" to be equal, but it is vital that potential has its limits. U.S. need more to the former USSR anyone on this planet.

Leaving this aside, the "instability" now has a wider scope than mere political discussion. Following the dictum of the reverend Bene Gesserit of Dune , along with the political power we found two large counter- : the economic and the communications (one who is able to put where ever cormorants any) . Currently, political power (in the West nominally "elected") but can not make decisions is with the acquiescence of "financial sharks" while popular power that draws policy may not reach citizens, but is with the vast estate of the big media groups . The interdependence of the three branches is evident, instability is the current crisis.

Spain's case is obvious. There is no independent political power (as in the other countries today). While the energies of the populace come together to discuss the most appropriate territorial model, Spain does not have any leeway, going to those wars that sent him, and taking those economic measures that are imposed. We are at a historical circumstance where it is much worse than Emilio Botin announced an arrangement with creditors at the Banco Santander to Spain, as a state, becomes insolvent.

current legitimacy crisis of the powers that govern us is obvious. The policy is increasingly being banal more, and it is not surprising that the intellectual class can get to choose specific policy initiatives (in scope geographically delimited) or simply choose to abstain. Our economy is the subject of a piggy bank that nobody can see, our lives "moves" in the endless lines of financial markets. If there is indeed something that differentiates us from the previous stages of history, that's the case, and not the content, are different. What extent can take civil raids sovereign networks is something we ask. At powers not reach them and by the vote, unfortunately, but they nourish the veins are open crystal (consumption, internet , social conflict ...). How far will be able to "civilians in the street" to come to claim her share and his own freedom in making their conditions of rights and imposition of obligations is something that no one dares to predict. Or do you own?

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Neither dogs nor cats ... Paths of Power

If there is an interesting animal order par excellence is that of carnivores. Reason atavistic myths and memories of predation , members of this order were our worst enemies in past times, having spent some of its members today, to be faithful friends and colleagues. And, like cats and dogs, pun intended, the order of carnivorous mammals is divided into two suborders: " Caniformia " (related to the dog) and " Feliformia " (similar to cat) . Within the first addition to wolves, dogs and foxes are the bears, mustelids (weasels, ferrets ...) and seals, while inside the " feliformes "are cats, hyenas, and viverrids and mongooses. The presence of felines and canines in our society we are remembered for our dogs and cats, but what happens with the other members of the order "Carnivora , and especially with the younger members? Leaving aside the mustelids , I want to focus on the relatives of memores cats, and mongooses viverrids.

The remains of ancient civilizations never not reduced to a pile of stones. In the architectural ruins always accompany other debris, whether cultural or, as in this case is, "zoo." The presence of dingo in Australia, or porcupine in the woods of Tuscany, is due to the introduction by man (though now been integrated perfectly in the ecosystem, being part indispensable to your current balance). However, are there similar cases in our Iberian Peninsula?

Iberia has been the cradle of great civilizations . The largest empires in human history have had to present-day Spain, as well as center, as well as core hard. Rome and the Empire itself were to Hispanic Andalusia (Andalucía current) as a great haven for leisure and horticulture, while took advantage of the potential of agriculture, mining and foremost, the rest of our country. Given the performance of these lands, it is not surprising that there were regions in Spain very densely populated. With the people came their pets, and sometimes other species were stowaways on ships or ships and different they were introduced for purposes of hunting or vermin control. Our forest Mediterranean, while conditioner "English culture" throughout the centuries has also been conditioning himself for the people who populated the surrounding area. Two foreign powers: Rome and Islam in particular, who introduced a number of animal and plant species now considered as typically English. " The carob in plant or animal as pheasant are not unique examples, highlighting, and not enough, the inclusion of outsiders in our forest carnivores.

findings in the caves of Nerja (Málaga) have given birth to investigators about the disturbing presence of mongoose (Herpestes ichneumon) a species of mongoose, in our forests. As is clear from these remains, found in 1959 (and recently analyzed by the University of Upsala ), the mongoose was introduced by the Arabs as a pet (well as fun or as faithful driver populations of reptiles and rodents). Origin would become the same as that of the genet.

The genet (Genetta genetta ) is believed to have been imported by the Romans as a pet, having been documented its presence in the Roman houses before the arrival of the domestic cat, the latter from the Old Egypt. The genet was seen as a infallible hunter useful to control the rabbit population at the time, very abundant before the arrival of myxomatosis (there are some who say that the rabbit is native to Iberia and the Balearics, meaning even the Hispania name "land of rabbits"). The abundance of rabbits in the Balearic Islands was such that fostered a considerable

introd uction

riders, who have grown into a sort of " subspecies, the genet Ibiza, smaller due to insularity.

Although not considered as viverrids both English mongoose, mongoose, genet and are close relatives, both from the suborder Feliformia . Like their relatives, hyenas, violent species is very prone to aggression towards his own and other species. It is proverbial skill of the mongoose in the fight against snakes, cobras and snakes are they having come down to us myths and legends about them the most interesting. Marcial, the celebrated poet Calatayud ( Bílbilis ) came to talk about the value of the bowels of the mongoose to treat the wounds of venomous snakes. Other myths surrounding the animal, placed him as a terrifying enemy, not only snakes but also crocodiles. It was said by the Romans who were able to get inside the crocodiles when they were with their mouths open, going fast into him, and beat well enough to eat the animal. Obviously, Roman myths, as compared to many other animals, are highly sensational and should not be a particular case of his truthfulness.

is look where you look, the man has served as a "factor" for Nature many more times than we believe. Genets and mongooses came to enrich our ecosystems without us awareness of it. Participate , not a higher intelligence, but a balance, half an existence that makes us share in full, in each of our individual actions ...

1 st picture: jinetas

2 nd picture: mongoose

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"There Are No Better civilizers Than roads" (Lord Roberts)

Most part of the population relates to Rome with gladiators, the legions, amphitheaters and large raves. Few people will associate the word "Roman Empire" a "road" binomial key if we want to assess, as it deserves, the rise of the greatest power ever known West. Certainly, the roads are excellent civilizing. Without roads there is no efficient trade worth, nor cultural exchanges. Numerous roads were raised in the canopy which the Roman people. Their language and culture is not imposed both weapons and excellence to reach across major roads. Establish communication is to foster the exchange. When two visions feed, one upon the other, comes a new vision, much more sophisticated, it is vital math and Rome well knew.

Until recent times, Roman roads have been the basis of communications in Spain. Not even in times of another great European empire, the English, there was a communications network that will reach to any comparison. It was in the process of "modernization Bourbon" eighteenth century (peak of archaic English) which launched a project to build new roads, in the end very bad. The model intended to be, not so much a Roman wit improved expression, but a copy, defective, of French absolutism. The unique power of the monarch should lead in all terrain, including communications. Far from encouraging the improvement of roads in areas most densely populated (Andalucía and Levante) is wanted to create a hegemonic city above all: Madrid.

The legacy of those times is still present. With notable exceptions (see the first railway in Spain: Barcelona-Mataró (capital of the textile industry at that time), which remains one of the only revenue-generating) the largest investments ever wanted to be in the land of centripetal power. "Deeds" as the train Madrid-Aranjuez (completely insane) were performed before the communications between Seville and Cadiz, between Valencia and Alicante. Instead of following criteria economic, therefore, optimization, lines were created "as curious" as-Tembleque Aranjuez (1853) or Aranjuez-Toledo (1858).

Thanks to otherwise late industrialization of Catalonia and the Basque Country, Spain sighed, lo and behold, thanks to the periphery. Maritime axis "British Isles - Bilbao" and the pro-European axis "Barcelona - Pyrénées", was that Spain would benefit from the existence of other routes that passed through Madrid. Investments in these two areas began to be indispensable, Spain was progressing slowly, but thanks to those regions where there were fewer aristocrats and greater exposure to new trends.

Genuine Castilian Spain, the wonderful cities, even today, of Medina del Campo, Lerma, Alcazar de San Juan or Medinaceli went from the cities of the empire where lived a wealthy aristocratic houses. Those who divided the New World at his mercy (Alba, Medinaceli , Medina-Sidonia ...) do not bet on a modernization that had occurred in other countries. Catalonia, with large commercial ports and best tradition, flourished under private initiative, it could have soared to the Bay of Cadiz or Mediterranean axis (Alicante-Valencia-Barcelona), but for the "best" efforts of the ruling classes.

patriotism Nobody did, because politics is always interesting. Catalonia and the Basque Country progressed thanks to a few factors (geographic, demographic and social) and not for purely idyllic ideas of wise leaders. Madrid was fortunate to be part of a past project, and riddled with decay Hispanic, and enjoy serious investment. The consequences continue passing them, not because of Madrid, but because of those who failed to see it was well placed Zaragoza (now being built the largest logistics platform in Europe) or the bay of Cadiz was essential for traffic with North America and Africa. It is not surprising that this historical-centralist collaborate to create a vision, no less imaginative and manipulative, as were the peripheral nationalisms. The grievances between them left the bulk of Spain in the pillory, no factories or progress.

For a traveler abroad, it remains shocking that the best national communications than those between Barcelona and Madrid. Has anyone wondered why N-II road is not receiving more investment ? What the freight routes between Madrid and the Mediterranean corridor? Madrid is obvious that the current head of state even as a Bourbon, is no longer "Bourbon", which has fallen into the cradle of modernity, with large multinationals and vision. But distrust remains dangerous generated from the center outward: Clearly progress is to seek more efficient, and not as comfortable or appropriate to a prevailing ideologies.

can, and in my case I am, according to several theses of centralism. Nobody would deny that the Prado is not to be in Madrid, or the end of a hypothetical large sporting event have to be in the Capital, however, we can not see that there are lines of promotion inexcusable. I refer to the Mediterranean axis, effectively, but also to improve communications in the former "Silver Road" and the revival of the trinomial: Avilés, Gijón and Oviedo (one of the largest metropolitan areas in the country with nearly a million inhabitants). You can not defend the centrality in a question and not encourage a young man can go to the capital, cheaply, to see where funds are invested "all." Definitely go to Madrid should be cheaper, not free from generating grievances benefit some and not others.

In conclusion, we should not look at the maps with prejudice, and other efficiency criteria. Roads have always been progress and civilization ... Why terrorists think they have both "hard" with the AVE to the Basque Country? What could be worse, more "assimilated", which a quick link to Madrid? It is that empires are progress, but communications throughout history have built. If the EU wants to be great ... should invest more in roads and less on agriculture. Long live the roads, whether in stone or versed by Machado!

Over the next investment be implemented by the Government in the near future: see these links:

1) Advancement of actions set out in the Special Infrastructure Plan to be auctioned in 2010.

2) actions that will enhance their investment in 2011.

3) The N-II and its passage through the Maresme (investment still expected to materialize). Images:

1) Ponte Nomentano - a bridge on the Via Nomentana, Rome

2) Hodler - Tessiner Landschaft - 1893

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